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Map and terrain

Map and terrain

In this section, we will accomplish the following:

  • Configure the map as a singleton table and initialize it in the client.
  • Add terrain (tall grass and boulders) to the map.
  • Prevent movement into boulders.

Use a singleton table for the map config

At this point we have the concept of a 2D grid but there is no official "map" and there is no terrain. To do so in the ECS model we will now implement the map as a singleton table and initialize it in the client. Singleton tables are tables with a single record. This kind of table is useful to store top-level state.

Go ahead and add the MapConfig as a singleton table in the MUD config (mud.config.ts).

packages/contracts/mud.config.ts
import { mudConfig } from "@latticexyz/world/register";
 
export default mudConfig({
  enums: {
    TerrainType: ["None", "TallGrass", "Boulder"],
  },
  tables: {
    MapConfig: {
      keySchema: {},
      dataStruct: false,
      valueSchema: {
        width: "uint32",
        height: "uint32",
        terrain: "bytes",
      },
    },
    Movable: "bool",
    Player: "bool",
    Position: {
      dataStruct: false,
      valueSchema: {
        x: "uint32",
        y: "uint32",
      },
    },
  },
});
Explanation
  enums: {
    TerrainType: ["None", "TallGrass", "Boulder"],
  },

This is how you define an enumeration (opens in a new tab). The Solidity code for enumerations goes in packages/contracts/src/codegen/common.sol.

    MapConfig: {
      keySchema: {},

An empty key schema is the way you define a singleton.

      dataStruct: false,
      valueSchema: {
        width: "uint32",
        height: "uint32",
        terrain: "bytes",
      },
    },

The terrain is a list of bytes. We couldn't declare an array of arrays, because MUD schemas are limited to five dynamic (variable length) fields.

Add terrain

There are two features we have yet to implement—boulders to obstruct movement and tall grass to generate encounters. Before we start setting up the components and systems necessary to do so we must first add the terrain itself and render them in the client.

First, we’ll use the PostDeploy.s.sol to initialize the terrain in the World.

packages/contracts/script/PostDeploy.s.sol
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity >=0.8.0;
 
import { Script } from "forge-std/Script.sol";
import { console } from "forge-std/console.sol";
import { TerrainType } from "../src/codegen/common.sol";
import { StoreSwitch } from "@latticexyz/store/src/StoreSwitch.sol";
import { MapConfig } from "../src/codegen/index.sol";
 
contract PostDeploy is Script {
  function run(address worldAddress) external {
    console.log("Deployed world: ", worldAddress);
 
    uint256 deployerPrivateKey = vm.envUint("PRIVATE_KEY");
    vm.startBroadcast(deployerPrivateKey);
    StoreSwitch.setStoreAddress(worldAddress);
 
    TerrainType O = TerrainType.None;
    TerrainType T = TerrainType.TallGrass;
    TerrainType B = TerrainType.Boulder;
 
    TerrainType[20][20] memory map = [
      [O, O, O, O, O, O, T, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O],
      [O, O, T, O, O, O, O, O, T, O, O, O, O, B, O, O, O, O, O, O],
      [O, T, T, T, T, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, T, T, O, O, O],
      [O, O, T, T, T, T, O, O, O, O, B, O, O, O, O, O, T, O, O, O],
      [O, O, O, O, T, T, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, T, O, O],
      [O, O, O, B, B, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O],
      [O, T, O, O, O, B, B, O, O, O, O, T, O, O, O, O, O, B, O, O],
      [O, O, T, T, O, O, O, O, O, T, O, B, O, O, T, O, B, O, O, O],
      [O, O, T, O, O, O, O, T, T, T, O, B, B, O, O, O, O, O, O, O],
      [O, O, O, O, O, O, O, T, T, T, O, B, T, O, T, T, O, O, O, O],
      [O, B, O, O, O, B, O, O, T, T, O, B, O, O, T, T, O, O, O, O],
      [O, O, B, O, O, O, T, O, T, T, O, O, B, T, T, T, O, O, O, O],
      [O, O, B, B, O, O, O, O, T, O, O, O, B, O, T, O, O, O, O, O],
      [O, O, O, B, B, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, B, O, T, O, O, O, O],
      [O, O, O, O, B, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O],
      [O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, B, B, O, O, T, O, O, O, O, O],
      [O, O, O, O, T, O, O, O, T, B, O, O, O, T, T, O, B, O, O, O],
      [O, O, O, T, O, T, T, T, O, O, O, O, O, T, O, O, O, O, O, O],
      [O, O, O, T, T, T, T, O, O, O, O, T, O, O, O, T, O, O, O, O],
      [O, O, O, O, O, T, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O]
    ];
 
    uint32 height = uint32(map.length);
    uint32 width = uint32(map[0].length);
    bytes memory terrain = new bytes(width * height);
 
    for (uint32 y = 0; y < height; y++) {
      for (uint32 x = 0; x < width; x++) {
        TerrainType terrainType = map[y][x];
        if (terrainType == TerrainType.None) continue;
 
        terrain[(y * width) + x] = bytes1(uint8(terrainType));
      }
    }
 
    MapConfig.set(width, height, terrain);
 
    vm.stopBroadcast();
  }
}

Note that when you modify PostDeploy.s.sol you need to look in the pnpm dev output. If there is an error, restart it.

Now let’s render the terrain in the client via GameBoard.tsx.

packages/client/src/GameBoard.tsx
import { useComponentValue } from "@latticexyz/react";
import { GameMap } from "./GameMap";
import { useMUD } from "./MUDContext";
import { useKeyboardMovement } from "./useKeyboardMovement";
import { hexToArray } from "@latticexyz/utils";
import { TerrainType, terrainTypes } from "./terrainTypes";
import { singletonEntity } from "@latticexyz/store-sync/recs";
 
export const GameBoard = () => {
  useKeyboardMovement();
 
  const {
    components: { MapConfig, Player, Position },
    network: { playerEntity },
    systemCalls: { spawn },
  } = useMUD();
 
  const canSpawn = useComponentValue(Player, playerEntity)?.value !== true;
 
  const playerPosition = useComponentValue(Position, playerEntity);
  const player =
    playerEntity && playerPosition
      ? {
          x: playerPosition.x,
          y: playerPosition.y,
          emoji: "🤠",
          entity: playerEntity,
        }
      : null;
 
  const mapConfig = useComponentValue(MapConfig, singletonEntity);
  if (mapConfig == null) {
    throw new Error("map config not set or not ready, only use this hook after loading state === LIVE");
  }
 
  const { width, height, terrain: terrainData } = mapConfig;
  const terrain = Array.from(hexToArray(terrainData)).map((value, index) => {
    const { emoji } = value in TerrainType ? terrainTypes[value as TerrainType] : { emoji: "" };
    return {
      x: index % width,
      y: Math.floor(index / width),
      emoji,
    };
  });
 
  return (
    <GameMap
      width={width}
      height={height}
      terrain={terrain}
      onTileClick={canSpawn ? spawn : undefined}
      players={player ? [player] : []}
    />
  );
};

You can run this command to update all the files to this point in the game's development.

git reset --hard 6fc5590d7b660f911b757d1fb32456dee9a97d38

Turn boulders into obstructions

Although boulders are rendering on the map at this point, they do not yet prevent movement in the way we want them to. To accomplish this we will add an Obstruction table and query for entities with that table in our move method.

Let's start by adding the table to the MUD config:

packages/contracts/mud.config.ts
import { mudConfig } from "@latticexyz/world/register";
 
export default mudConfig({
  enums: {
    TerrainType: ["None", "TallGrass", "Boulder"],
  },
  tables: {
    MapConfig: {
      keySchema: {},
      dataStruct: false,
      valueSchema: {
        width: "uint32",
        height: "uint32",
        terrain: "bytes",
      },
    },
    Movable: "bool",
    Obstruction: "bool",
    Player: "bool",
    Position: {
      dataStruct: false,
      valueSchema: {
        x: "uint32",
        y: "uint32",
      },
    },
  },
});

We'll then make sure PostDeploy.s.sol initializes the boulders properly (with the obstruction and position component) so we can query them later.

packages/contracts/script/PostDeploy.s.sol
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity >=0.8.21;
 
import { Script } from "forge-std/Script.sol";
import { console } from "forge-std/console.sol";
import { TerrainType } from "../src/codegen/common.sol";
import { StoreSwitch } from "@latticexyz/store/src/StoreSwitch.sol";
import { MapConfig, Obstruction, Position } from "../src/codegen/index.sol";
import { positionToEntityKey } from "../src/positionToEntityKey.sol";
 
contract PostDeploy is Script {
  function run(address worldAddress) external {
    console.log("Deployed world: ", worldAddress);
 
    uint256 deployerPrivateKey = vm.envUint("PRIVATE_KEY");
    vm.startBroadcast(deployerPrivateKey);
    StoreSwitch.setStoreAddress(worldAddress);
 
    TerrainType O = TerrainType.None;
    TerrainType T = TerrainType.TallGrass;
    TerrainType B = TerrainType.Boulder;
 
    TerrainType[20][20] memory map = [
      [O, O, O, O, O, O, T, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O],
      [O, O, T, O, O, O, O, O, T, O, O, O, O, B, O, O, O, O, O, O],
      [O, T, T, T, T, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, T, T, O, O, O],
      [O, O, T, T, T, T, O, O, O, O, B, O, O, O, O, O, T, O, O, O],
      [O, O, O, O, T, T, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, T, O, O],
      [O, O, O, B, B, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O],
      [O, T, O, O, O, B, B, O, O, O, O, T, O, O, O, O, O, B, O, O],
      [O, O, T, T, O, O, O, O, O, T, O, B, O, O, T, O, B, O, O, O],
      [O, O, T, O, O, O, O, T, T, T, O, B, B, O, O, O, O, O, O, O],
      [O, O, O, O, O, O, O, T, T, T, O, B, T, O, T, T, O, O, O, O],
      [O, B, O, O, O, B, O, O, T, T, O, B, O, O, T, T, O, O, O, O],
      [O, O, B, O, O, O, T, O, T, T, O, O, B, T, T, T, O, O, O, O],
      [O, O, B, B, O, O, O, O, T, O, O, O, B, O, T, O, O, O, O, O],
      [O, O, O, B, B, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, B, O, T, O, O, O, O],
      [O, O, O, O, B, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O],
      [O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, B, B, O, O, T, O, O, O, O, O],
      [O, O, O, O, T, O, O, O, T, B, O, O, O, T, T, O, B, O, O, O],
      [O, O, O, T, O, T, T, T, O, O, O, O, O, T, O, O, O, O, O, O],
      [O, O, O, T, T, T, T, O, O, O, O, T, O, O, O, T, O, O, O, O],
      [O, O, O, O, O, T, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O, O]
    ];
 
    uint32 height = uint32(map.length);
    uint32 width = uint32(map[0].length);
    bytes memory terrain = new bytes(width * height);
 
    for (uint32 y = 0; y < height; y++) {
      for (uint32 x = 0; x < width; x++) {
        TerrainType terrainType = map[y][x];
        if (terrainType == TerrainType.None) continue;
 
        terrain[(y * width) + x] = bytes1(uint8(terrainType));
 
        bytes32 entity = positionToEntityKey(x, y);
        if (terrainType == TerrainType.Boulder) {
          Position.set(entity, x, y);
          Obstruction.set(entity, true);
        }
      }
    }
 
    MapConfig.set(width, height, terrain);
 
    vm.stopBroadcast();
  }
}
Explanation

Because boulders affect game play, they are entities. The changes here implement that fact.

import { positionToEntityKey } from "../src/positionToEntityKey.sol";

This function (opens in a new tab) gives us an entity ID for a location that is consistent, and different for every location.

        bytes32 entity = positionToEntityKey(x, y);
        if (terrainType == TerrainType.Boulder) {
          Position.set(world, entity, x, y);
          Obstruction.set(world, entity, true);
        }

If the terrain is a boulder, specify the location and that it is an Obstraction.

Then let's use this table in the moveBy and spawn methods in MapSystem.sol.

packages/contracts/src/systems/MapSystem.sol
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity >=0.8.21;
 
import { System } from "@latticexyz/world/src/System.sol";
import { MapConfig, Movable, Obstruction, Player, Position } from "../codegen/index.sol";
import { addressToEntityKey } from "../addressToEntityKey.sol";
import { positionToEntityKey } from "../positionToEntityKey.sol";
 
contract MapSystem is System {
  function spawn(uint32 x, uint32 y) public {
    bytes32 player = addressToEntityKey(address(_msgSender()));
    require(!Player.get(player), "already spawned");
 
    bytes32 position = positionToEntityKey(x, y);
    require(!Obstruction.get(position), "this space is obstructed");
 
    Player.set(player, true);
    Position.set(player, x, y);
    Movable.set(player, true);
  }
 
  function moveBy(uint32 clientX, uint32 clientY, int32 deltaX, int32 deltaY) public {
    bytes32 player = addressToEntityKey(_msgSender());
    require(Movable.get(player), "cannot move");
 
    (uint32 fromX, uint32 fromY) = Position.get(player);
    require(distance2(deltaX, deltaY) == 1, "can only move to adjacent spaces");
    require(clientX == fromX && clientY == fromY, "client confused about location");
 
    uint32 x = uint32(int32(fromX) + deltaX);
    uint32 y = uint32(int32(fromY) + deltaY);
 
    bytes32 position = positionToEntityKey(x, y);
    require(!Obstruction.get(position), "this space is obstructed");
 
    Position.set(player, x, y);
  }
 
  function distance2(int32 deltaX, int32 deltaY) internal pure returns (uint32) {
    return uint32(deltaX * deltaX + deltaY * deltaY);
  }
}

Lastly, let's ensure these interactions are optimistically rendering in the createSystemCalls.ts method.

packages/client/src/mud/createSystemCalls.ts
import { Has, HasValue, getComponentValue, runQuery } from "@latticexyz/recs";
import { ClientComponents } from "./createClientComponents";
import { SetupNetworkResult } from "./setupNetwork";
import { singletonEntity } from "@latticexyz/store-sync/recs";
 
export type SystemCalls = ReturnType<typeof createSystemCalls>;
 
export function createSystemCalls(
  { playerEntity, worldContract, waitForTransaction }: SetupNetworkResult,
  { MapConfig, Obstruction, Player, Position }: ClientComponents
) {
  const isObstructed = (x: number, y: number) => {
    return runQuery([Has(Obstruction), HasValue(Position, { x, y })]).size > 0;
  };
 
  const moveBy = async (deltaX: number, deltaY: number) => {
    if (!playerEntity) {
      throw new Error("no player");
    }
 
    const playerPosition = getComponentValue(Position, playerEntity);
    if (!playerPosition) {
      console.warn("cannot moveBy without a player position, not yet spawned?");
      return;
    }
 
    const newX = playerPosition.x + deltaX;
    const newY = playerPosition.y + deltaY;
 
    if (isObstructed(newX, newY)) throw new Error("cannot go into an obstructed space");
 
    const tx = await worldContract.write.moveBy([playerPosition.x, playerPosition.y, deltaX, deltaY]);
    await waitForTransaction(tx);
  };
 
  const spawn = async (x: number, y: number) => {
    if (!playerEntity) {
      throw new Error("no player");
    }
 
    const canSpawn = getComponentValue(Player, playerEntity)?.value !== true;
    if (!canSpawn) {
      throw new Error("already spawned");
    }
 
    if (isObstructed(x, y)) throw new Error("cannot go into an obstructed space");
 
    const tx = await worldContract.write.spawn([x, y]);
    await waitForTransaction(tx);
  };
 
  return {
    moveBy,
    spawn,
  };
}
Explanation
const isObstructed = (x: number, y: number) => {
  return runQuery([Has(Obstruction), HasValue(Position, { x, y })]).size > 0;
};

Here we run a query (opens in a new tab) that looks for all the entities that have Obstruction set to true, and whose entity ID is the one for the terrain in (x,y). If there are any then this space is obstructed.

This function is not the most efficient possibility. In theory we could have created a TypeScript version of positionToEntityKey (opens in a new tab) and used that to check if the specific entity for the location where the player wishes to go is obstructed.

While this could have been more efficient, it would have made future development harder. In the future we might have mobile obstructions, for example trolls that walk around the map randomly. If we use a query, then as soon as we provide those entites with Obstruction and Position they'll start obstructing the player.

Processing power on the client is usually cheap and abundant, because most client devices spend most of their time waiting for input to act upon. The expensive resource we need to optimize for is processing on the blockchain, a.k.a. gas (opens in a new tab).

Now if you try moving onto a tile with a boulder you’ll see that you can’t!

You can run this command to update all the files to this point in the game's development.

git reset --hard 952cf5032af33945872a99a95eaa59379a5df536

Wraparound movement

Players can move off of the bounds of the map. We'll address this by updating the spawn and moveTo methods in MapSystem.sol to wrap the player coordinate around the map size.

packages/contracts/src/systems/MapSystem.sol
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity >=0.8.21;
 
import { System } from "@latticexyz/world/src/System.sol";
import { MapConfig, Movable, Obstruction, Player, Position } from "../codegen/index.sol";
import { addressToEntityKey } from "../addressToEntityKey.sol";
import { positionToEntityKey } from "../positionToEntityKey.sol";
 
contract MapSystem is System {
  function spawn(uint32 x, uint32 y) public {
    bytes32 player = addressToEntityKey(address(_msgSender()));
    require(!Player.get(player), "already spawned");
 
    // Constrain position to map size, wrapping around if necessary
    (uint32 width, uint32 height, ) = MapConfig.get();
    x = (x + width) % width;
    y = (y + height) % height;
 
    bytes32 position = positionToEntityKey(x, y);
    require(!Obstruction.get(position), "this space is obstructed");
 
    Player.set(player, true);
    Position.set(player, x, y);
    Movable.set(player, true);
  }
 
  function moveBy(uint32 clientX, uint32 clientY, int32 deltaX, int32 deltaY) public {
    bytes32 player = addressToEntityKey(_msgSender());
    require(Movable.get(player), "cannot move");
 
    (uint32 fromX, uint32 fromY) = Position.get(player);
    require(distance2(deltaX, deltaY) == 1, "can only move to adjacent spaces");
    require(clientX == fromX && clientY == fromY, "client confused about location");
 
    // Constrain position to map size, wrapping around if necessary
    // Also, by adding width and height, avoid negative numbers,
    // which uint32 does not support.
    (uint32 width, uint32 height, ) = MapConfig.get();
 
    uint32 x = uint32(int32(fromX) + deltaX + int32(width)) % width;
    uint32 y = uint32(int32(fromY) + deltaY + int32(height)) % height;
 
    bytes32 position = positionToEntityKey(x, y);
    require(!Obstruction.get(position), "this space is obstructed");
 
    Position.set(player, x, y);
  }
 
  function distance2(int32 deltaX, int32 deltaY) internal pure returns (uint32) {
    return uint32(deltaX * deltaX + deltaY * deltaY);
  }
}

You can run this command to update all the files to this point in the game's development.

git reset --hard 11a3036da8e40ffd25d5f0098485c014d8e6c1c4
Players and movementA wild Emojimon appears